# Django 6.0 documentation

# Validators

## Writing validators

A validator is a callable that takes a value and raises a `ValidationError` if it doesn’t meet some criteria. Validators can be useful for reusing validation logic between different types of fields.

For example, here’s a validator that only allows even numbers:

    from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
    from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _

    def validate_even(value):
        if value % 2 != 0:
            raise ValidationError(
                _("%(value)s is not an even number"),
                params={"value": value},
            )

You can add this to a model field via the field’s `validators` argument:

    from django.db import models

    class MyModel(models.Model):
        even_field = models.IntegerField(validators=[validate_even])

Because values are converted to Python before validators are run, you can even use the same validator with forms:

    from django import forms

    class MyForm(forms.Form):
        even_field = forms.IntegerField(validators=[validate_even])

You can also use a class with a `__call__()` method for more complex or configurable validators. `RegexValidator`, for example, uses this technique. If a class-based validator is used in the `validators` model field option, you should make sure it is serializable by the migration framework by adding deconstruct() and `__eq__()` methods.

## How validators are run

See the form validation for more information on how validators are run in forms, and Validating objects for how they’re run in models. Note that validators will not be run automatically when you save a model, but if you are using a `ModelForm`, it will run your validators on any fields that are included in your form. See the ModelForm documentation for information on how model validation interacts with forms.

## Built-in validators

The `django.core.validators` module contains a collection of callable validators for use with model and form fields. They’re used internally but are available for use with your own fields, too. They can be used in addition to, or in lieu of custom `field.clean()` methods.

### `RegexValidator`

class RegexValidator(regex=None, message=None, code=None, inverse_match=None, flags=0)
  Parameters:

    - regex – If not `None`, overrides `regex`. Can be a regular expression string or a pre-compiled regular expression.

    - message – If not `None`, overrides `message`.

    - code – If not `None`, overrides `code`.

    - inverse_match – If not `None`, overrides `inverse_match`.

    - flags – If not `None`, overrides `flags`. In that case, `regex` must be a regular expression string, or `TypeError` is raised.

  A `RegexValidator` searches the provided `value` for a given regular expression with `re.search()`. By default, raises a `ValidationError` with `message` and `code` if a match is not found. Its behavior can be inverted by setting `inverse_match` to `True`, in which case the `ValidationError` is raised when a match is found.

  regex

    The regular expression pattern to search for within the provided `value`, using `re.search()`. This may be a string or a pre-compiled regular expression created with `re.compile()`. Defaults to the empty string, which will be found in every possible `value`.

  message

    The error message used by `ValidationError` if validation fails. Defaults to `"Enter a valid value"`.

  code

    The error code used by `ValidationError` if validation fails. Defaults to `"invalid"`.

  inverse_match

    The match mode for `regex`. Defaults to `False`.

  flags

    The regex flags used when compiling the regular expression string `regex`. If `regex` is a pre-compiled regular expression, and `flags` is overridden, `TypeError` is raised. Defaults to `0`.

### `EmailValidator`

class EmailValidator(message=None, code=None, allowlist=None)
  Parameters:

    - message – If not `None`, overrides `message`.

    - code – If not `None`, overrides `code`.

    - allowlist – If not `None`, overrides `allowlist`.

  An `EmailValidator` ensures that a value looks like an email address, and raises a `ValidationError` with `message` and `code` if it doesn’t. Values longer than 320 characters are always considered invalid.

  message

    The error message used by `ValidationError` if validation fails. Defaults to `"Enter a valid email address"`.

  code

    The error code used by `ValidationError` if validation fails. Defaults to `"invalid"`.

  allowlist

    Allowlist of email domains. By default, a regular expression (the `domain_regex` attribute) is used to validate whatever appears after the `@` sign. However, if that string appears in the `allowlist`, this validation is bypassed. If not provided, the default `allowlist` is `['localhost']`. Other domains that don’t contain a dot won’t pass validation, so you’d need to add them to the `allowlist` as necessary.

### `DomainNameValidator`

class DomainNameValidator(accept_idna=True, message=None, code=None)

  A `RegexValidator` subclass that ensures a value looks like a domain name. Values longer than 255 characters are always considered invalid. IP addresses are not accepted as valid domain names.

  In addition to the optional arguments of its parent `RegexValidator` class, `DomainNameValidator` accepts an extra optional attribute:

  accept_idna

    Determines whether to accept internationalized domain names, that is, domain names that contain non-ASCII characters. Defaults to `True`.

### `URLValidator`

class URLValidator(schemes=None, regex=None, message=None, code=None)

  A `RegexValidator` subclass that ensures a value looks like a URL, and raises an error code of `'invalid'` if it doesn’t. Values longer than `max_length` characters are always considered invalid.

  Loopback addresses and reserved IP spaces are considered valid. Literal IPv6 addresses (RFC 3986 Section 3.2.2) and Unicode domains are both supported.

  In addition to the optional arguments of its parent `RegexValidator` class, `URLValidator` accepts an extra optional attribute:

  schemes

    URL/URI scheme list to validate against. If not provided, the default list is `['http', 'https', 'ftp', 'ftps']`. As a reference, the IANA website provides a full list of valid URI schemes.

    Warning

    Values starting with `file:///` will not pass validation even when the `file` scheme is provided. Valid values must contain a host.

  max_length

    The maximum length of values that could be considered valid. Defaults to 2048 characters.

### `validate_email`

validate_email

  An `EmailValidator` instance without any customizations.

### `validate_domain_name`

validate_domain_name

  A `DomainNameValidator` instance without any customizations.

### `validate_slug`

validate_slug

  A `RegexValidator` instance that ensures a value consists of only letters, numbers, underscores or hyphens.

### `validate_unicode_slug`

validate_unicode_slug

  A `RegexValidator` instance that ensures a value consists of only Unicode letters, numbers, underscores, or hyphens.

### `validate_ipv4_address`

validate_ipv4_address

  A `RegexValidator` instance that ensures a value looks like an IPv4 address.

### `validate_ipv6_address`

validate_ipv6_address

  Uses `django.utils.ipv6` to check the validity of an IPv6 address.

### `validate_ipv46_address`

validate_ipv46_address

  Uses both `validate_ipv4_address` and `validate_ipv6_address` to ensure a value is either a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.

### `validate_comma_separated_integer_list`

validate_comma_separated_integer_list

  A `RegexValidator` instance that ensures a value is a comma-separated list of integers.

### `int_list_validator`

int_list_validator(sep=',', message=None, code='invalid', allow_negative=False)

  Returns a `RegexValidator` instance that ensures a string consists of integers separated by `sep`. It allows negative integers when `allow_negative` is `True`.

### `MaxValueValidator`

class MaxValueValidator(limit_value, message=None)

  Raises a `ValidationError` with a code of `'max_value'` if `value` is greater than `limit_value`, which may be a callable.

### `MinValueValidator`

class MinValueValidator(limit_value, message=None)

  Raises a `ValidationError` with a code of `'min_value'` if `value` is less than `limit_value`, which may be a callable.

### `MaxLengthValidator`

class MaxLengthValidator(limit_value, message=None)

  Raises a `ValidationError` with a code of `'max_length'` if the length of `value` is greater than `limit_value`, which may be a callable.

### `MinLengthValidator`

class MinLengthValidator(limit_value, message=None)

  Raises a `ValidationError` with a code of `'min_length'` if the length of `value` is less than `limit_value`, which may be a callable.

### `DecimalValidator`

class DecimalValidator(max_digits, decimal_places)

  Raises `ValidationError` with the following codes:

  - `'max_digits'` if the number of digits is larger than `max_digits`.

  - `'max_decimal_places'` if the number of decimals is larger than `decimal_places`.

  - `'max_whole_digits'` if the number of whole digits is larger than the difference between `max_digits` and `decimal_places`.

### `FileExtensionValidator`

class FileExtensionValidator(allowed_extensions, message, code)

  Raises a `ValidationError` with a code of `'invalid_extension'` if the extension of `value.name` (`value` is a `File`) isn’t found in `allowed_extensions`. The extension is compared case-insensitively with `allowed_extensions`.

  Warning

  Don’t rely on validation of the file extension to determine a file’s type. Files can be renamed to have any extension no matter what data they contain.

### `validate_image_file_extension`

validate_image_file_extension

  Uses Pillow to ensure that `value.name` (`value` is a `File`) has a valid image extension.

### `ProhibitNullCharactersValidator`

class ProhibitNullCharactersValidator(message=None, code=None)

  Raises a `ValidationError` if `str(value)` contains one or more null characters (`'\x00'`).

  Parameters:

    - message – If not `None`, overrides `message`.

    - code – If not `None`, overrides `code`.

  message

    The error message used by `ValidationError` if validation fails. Defaults to `"Null characters are not allowed."`.

  code

    The error code used by `ValidationError` if validation fails. Defaults to `"null_characters_not_allowed"`.

### `StepValueValidator`

class StepValueValidator(limit_value, message=None, offset=None)

  Raises a `ValidationError` with a code of `'step_size'` if `value` is not an integral multiple of `limit_value`, which can be a float, integer or decimal value or a callable. When `offset` is set, the validation occurs against `limit_value` plus `offset`. For example, for `StepValueValidator(3, offset=1.4)` valid values include `1.4`, `4.4`, `7.4`, `10.4`, and so on.